Laminins are large heterotrimeric glycoproteins and the main structural components of the basement membrane. Laminin receptor 1 (LAMR1), also known as ribosomal protein SA (RPSA), is a ubiquitously expressed, multifaceted protein. The surface of mature viral particles is formed by 180 copies of E protein and M protein, in which E protein undergoes TRIM7-mediated polyubiquitylation at residues K38 and K281, leading to viral entry and pathogenesis. The NS proteins are mainly involved in the regulation of viral genome replication and immunological evasion, while structural proteins mainly help in assembling the virions, the swapping of the viral genome, and the packaging of the viral genome into progeny viruses.
The viral genome, 11 kb in length, encodes a single polyprotein that is subsequently cleaved into seven non-structural (NS) proteins, NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5 and three structural proteins, namely, Capsid (C), premembrane/membrane (prM/M), and Envelope (E) proteins. Like other flaviviruses, Zika viruses are enveloped, positive-sense, single-standard RNA viruses. Although the symptoms of viral infection are usually mild and self – limiting, ZIKV infection is associated with severe neurological disorders including microcephaly in neonates and Guillain–Barré syndrome in adults, and may potentially also affect male fertility and cause testicular injury in mice, effects that have attracted global concern. The first known ZIKV outbreak occurred in 2007 in Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia, and followed by a larger outbreak in 20 in the Americas. ZIKV was originally isolated in 1947 in Uganda from a caged febrile Rhesus macaque. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus belonging to the genus Flavivirus within the family Flaviviridae, which also includes Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Dengue virus (DENV).
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